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The base of a running chain, or the active layer in the stream_start() case, answers every guest read with ENOMEDIUM from then on, for an image whose L1/L2 metadata is intact and was serving reads a moment earlier. Test 039's own expected output shows it: read failed: No medium found. Only allocation has to be stopped. A per-node gate in BDRVQcow2State that fails pwritev/pwrite_zeroes/pdiscard/truncate with -EIO (and skips qcow2_mark_clean() in qcow2_inactivate() so the dirty bit survives close) keeps the guest running and the job simply fails. The current approach also makes query-named-block-nodes/query-block fail wholesale while the node exists, and in the commit case the node cannot be deleted until the VM is restarted. - Major: use-after-free through the cache-clean coroutine. With bs->drv == NULL, bdrv_close() (block.c:5259) never calls qcow2_close(), so cache_clean_timer_del_and_wait() never runs, and bdrv_close() then frees bs->opaque. The coroutine at block/qcow2.c:895 is still sleeping on s->cache_clean_timer_wake (600 s default on Linux) and wakes on freed memory. Pre-existing for qcow2_signal_corruption(fatal), but this patch adds a second path and is the right place to stop the coroutine before dropping the driver. The same skipped close also leaks the L1 table, refcount table, both caches, crypto and bitmap state. - Major: the check runs under bdrv_drain_all_begin(). bdrv_reopen_queue() drains every node (block.c:4593), and bdrv_check() polls from the main loop. A full refcount scan plus rebuild of a large image stalls all guest I/O on every disk and the monitor for its whole duration, as a side effect of block-commit/block-stream/change-backing-file. The QAPI text discloses it, but the cover letter should quantify it and argue why this beats failing the command. - Medium (downstream only): the new condition ignores s->keep_dirty, unlike qcow2_do_open() at block/qcow2.c:2025. A node opened with __vz_keep-dirty=on, then reopened read-write, gets checked and its dirty bit cleared, breaking that option's contract. Add !s->keep_dirty in the hci branch. - Low: after the failure the node keeps BDRV_O_RDWR, BLK_PERM_WRITE on bs->file and the write lock, so the qemu-img check -r the hint recommends is impossible until the node is gone, which for a commit base means VM shutdown. Say so in the hint or the docs. - Low: test 040 asserts exact error strings owned by other code ("Node 'base' is busy: node is used as backing hd of 'mid'", "Block device base is ejected"), which makes it brittle. On 9/16/26 6:24 PM, Denis V. Lunev wrote: > From: Denis V. Lunev > > A dirty image must be repaired before anything allocates a cluster in > it. qcow2_do_open() does that, but only for a node that is writable > from the start. A node opened read-only skips it, and nothing revisits > the question once that node becomes writable, which block-commit does > routinely: commit_active_start() and commit_start() reopen the base > read-write for the duration of the job. > > With lazy refcounts the on-disk refcount block then still accounts for > the metadata clusters only, so the allocator restarts at the front of > the image and hands out clusters that L2 entries point at. Two guest > offsets end up sharing one host cluster. Nothing fails, the corrupt bit > stays clear, and a clean close clears the dirty bit, so no later open > repairs the image either. The bit also stays set for the whole writable > session, so a node which is merely writable says nothing. > > Refusing the reopen instead is simpler and keeps it atomic, but it > leaves nowhere to go: the base belongs to a chain the VM has open, so > the qemu-img check -r such an error would ask for cannot take the write > lock it needs. The repair does the trick in most cases anyway. > > Do the repair in qcow2_reopen_commit_post(), the earliest point where > the node is writable. An inactive node is skipped: bdrv_activate() calls > qcow2_do_open() again through qcow2_co_invalidate_cache(). > > commit_post cannot reject the reopen, so a failed repair takes the > driver away from the node instead, which is what stops writes from > aliasing live clusters. qcow2_signal_corruption() does that as well, > but it also sends BLOCK_IMAGE_CORRUPTED and sets the corrupt bit, > which qcow2_do_open() honours by refusing every later read-write open. > The image is dirty and unrepaired, not corrupt, and qemu-img check -r > still fixes it, so neither belongs here. Return the error and skip > the bitmaps. > > Signed-off-by: Denis V. Lunev > Reviewed-by: Andrey Drobyshev > CC: Kevin Wolf > CC: Hanna Reitz > CC: Eric Blake > CC: Markus Armbruster > CC: Andrey Drobyshev > Cc: qemu-stable@nongnu.org > --- > block/qcow2.c | 21 +++++++ > qapi/block-core.json | 19 ++++++ > tests/qemu-iotests/039 | 60 ++++++++++++++++++ > tests/qemu-iotests/039.out | 36 +++++++++++ > tests/qemu-iotests/040 | 123 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ > tests/qemu-iotests/040.out | 4 +- > 6 files changed, 261 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) > > diff --git a/block/qcow2.c b/block/qcow2.c > index ddad39a3084..be346f0339b 100644 > --- a/block/qcow2.c > +++ b/block/qcow2.c > @@ -2235,8 +2235,29 @@ static void qcow2_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *state) > > static int qcow2_reopen_commit_post(BDRVReopenState *state, Error **errp) > { > + ERRP_GUARD(); > + BDRVQcow2State *s = state->bs->opaque; > + > GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP(); > > + if (!bdrv_reopen_was_writable(state) && bdrv_is_writable(state->bs) && > + (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY)) { > + BdrvCheckResult result = {0}; > + int ret; > + > + ret = bdrv_check(state->bs, &result, BDRV_FIX_ERRORS | BDRV_FIX_LEAKS); > + if (ret < 0 || result.check_errors || !state->bs->drv) { > + ret = ret < 0 ? ret : -EIO; > + /* No write may reach an image whose refcounts are unaccounted */ > + state->bs->drv = NULL; > + error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not repair dirty image '%s'", > + bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(state->bs)); > + error_append_hint(errp, "The image is left dirty and this node " > + "holds it open until the node is removed\n"); > + return ret; > + } > + } > + > if (state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) { > Error *local_err = NULL; > > diff --git a/qapi/block-core.json b/qapi/block-core.json > index c036a3a8858..6fb8c31210a 100644 > --- a/qapi/block-core.json > +++ b/qapi/block-core.json > @@ -1843,6 +1843,9 @@ > # r/w -> r/o, if needed). The new backing file string is written into > # the image file metadata, and the QEMU internal strings are updated. > # > +# A dirty qcow2 image is repaired during that reopen, which blocks > +# other requests and can fail the command. > +# > # @image-node-name: The name of the block driver state node of the > # image to modify. The "device" argument is used to verify > # "image-node-name" is in the chain described by "device". > @@ -1882,6 +1885,9 @@ > # size to match the size of the smaller top, you can safely truncate > # it yourself once the commit operation successfully completes. > # > +# The base is opened read-write. A dirty qcow2 base is repaired > +# first, which blocks other requests and can fail the command. > +# > # @job-id: identifier for the newly-created block job. If omitted, > # the device name will be used. (Since 2.7) > # > @@ -2919,6 +2925,9 @@ > # On successful completion the image file is updated to drop the > # backing file and the `BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED` event is emitted. > # > +# The top image is opened read-write. A dirty qcow2 image is repaired > +# first, which blocks other requests and can fail the command. > +# > # In case @device is a filter node, `block-stream` modifies the first > # non-filter overlay node below it to point to the new backing node > # instead of modifying @device itself. > @@ -5070,6 +5079,16 @@ > # transaction, so if one of them fails then the whole transaction is > # cancelled. > # > +# An error is also returned when a device cannot be used once it has > +# been reopened. Such a reopen is not undone, so an error does not > +# always mean that nothing has changed. A node the driver gave up on > +# serves nothing at all: it keeps its image open, makes > +# `query-named-block-nodes` fail for as long as it is in the graph, > +# and `blockdev-del` removes it only once nothing refers to it. > +# > +# Reopening a dirty qcow2 image read-write repairs it first, which > +# blocks other requests and can fail the command. > +# > # The command receives a list of block devices to reopen. For each > # one of them, the top-level @node-name option (from `BlockdevOptions`) > # must be specified and is used to select the block device to be > diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/039 b/tests/qemu-iotests/039 > index 3d0c073d65d..3f37c36ca86 100755 > --- a/tests/qemu-iotests/039 > +++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/039 > @@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ status=1 # failure is the default! > _cleanup() > { > _cleanup_test_img > + rm -f "$TEST_DIR/blkdebug.conf" > } > trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15 > > @@ -176,6 +177,65 @@ $QEMU_IO -c "write 0 512" "$TEST_IMG" | _filter_qemu_io > # The dirty bit must not be set > _qcow2_dump_header | grep incompatible_features > > +echo > +echo "== Reopening a dirty image read/write should repair it ==" > + > +_make_test_img -o "compat=1.1,lazy_refcounts=on" $size > + > +_NO_VALGRIND \ > +$QEMU_IO -c "write -P 0x5a 0 512" \ > + -c "sigraise $(kill -l KILL)" "$TEST_IMG" 2>&1 \ > + | _filter_qemu_io > + > +# The dirty bit must be set > +_qcow2_dump_header | grep incompatible_features > + > +# Without the repair this write would alias the cluster at offset 0 > +$QEMU_IO -r -c "reopen -w" \ > + -c "write -P 0xb1 1M 512" \ > + -c "read -P 0x5a 0 512" "$TEST_IMG" | _filter_qemu_io > + > +_check_test_img > + > +echo > +echo "== A read/write reopen must not check the image ==" > + > +_make_test_img -o "compat=1.1,lazy_refcounts=on" $size > + > +_NO_VALGRIND \ > +$QEMU_IO -c "write -P 0x5a 0 512" \ > + -c "reopen -o l2-cache-size=1M" \ > + -c "sigraise $(kill -l KILL)" "$TEST_IMG" 2>&1 \ > + | _filter_qemu_io > + > +# The dirty bit must still be set, it belongs to the running session > +_qcow2_dump_header | grep incompatible_features > + > +echo > +echo "== A failed repair must fail the reopen ==" > + > +_make_test_img -o "compat=1.1,lazy_refcounts=on" $size > + > +_NO_VALGRIND \ > +$QEMU_IO -c "write -P 0x5a 0 512" \ > + -c "sigraise $(kill -l KILL)" "$TEST_IMG" 2>&1 \ > + | _filter_qemu_io > + > +cat > "$TEST_DIR/blkdebug.conf" < +[inject-error] > +event = "none" > +iotype = "write" > +errno = "5" > +EOF > + > +# The repair cannot write, so the reopen itself must report the failure > +$QEMU_IO -r -c "reopen -w" -c "read -P 0x5a 0 512" \ > + "blkdebug:$TEST_DIR/blkdebug.conf:$TEST_IMG" 2>&1 \ > + | _filter_testdir | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_generated_node_ids > + > +# The corrupt bit needs a write of its own, so the image is only left dirty > +_qcow2_dump_header | grep incompatible_features > + > echo > echo "== Creating an image file with lazy_refcounts=off ==" > > diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/039.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/039.out > index ce8ee577216..cc6ca3ab95b 100644 > --- a/tests/qemu-iotests/039.out > +++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/039.out > @@ -79,6 +79,42 @@ wrote 512/512 bytes at offset 0 > 512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec) > incompatible_features [] > > +== Reopening a dirty image read/write should repair it == > +Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 > +wrote 512/512 bytes at offset 0 > +512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec) > +./common.rc: Killed ( VALGRIND_QEMU="${VALGRIND_QEMU_IO}" _qemu_proc_exec "${VALGRIND_LOGFILE}" "$QEMU_IO_PROG" $QEMU_IO_ARGS "$@" ) > +incompatible_features [0] > +ERROR cluster 5 refcount=0 reference=1 > +Rebuilding refcount structure > +Repairing cluster 1 refcount=1 reference=0 > +Repairing cluster 2 refcount=1 reference=0 > +wrote 512/512 bytes at offset 1048576 > +512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec) > +read 512/512 bytes at offset 0 > +512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec) > +No errors were found on the image. > + > +== A read/write reopen must not check the image == > +Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 > +wrote 512/512 bytes at offset 0 > +512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec) > +./common.rc: Killed ( VALGRIND_QEMU="${VALGRIND_QEMU_IO}" _qemu_proc_exec "${VALGRIND_LOGFILE}" "$QEMU_IO_PROG" $QEMU_IO_ARGS "$@" ) > +incompatible_features [0] > + > +== A failed repair must fail the reopen == > +Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 > +wrote 512/512 bytes at offset 0 > +512 bytes, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec) > +./common.rc: Killed ( VALGRIND_QEMU="${VALGRIND_QEMU_IO}" _qemu_proc_exec "${VALGRIND_LOGFILE}" "$QEMU_IO_PROG" $QEMU_IO_ARGS "$@" ) > +ERROR cluster 5 refcount=0 reference=1 > +Rebuilding refcount structure > +qemu-io: ERROR writing refblock: Input/output error > +qemu-io: Could not repair dirty image 'NODE_NAME': Input/output error > +The image is left dirty and this node holds it open until the node is removed > +read failed: No medium found > +incompatible_features [0] > + > == Creating an image file with lazy_refcounts=off == > Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 > wrote 512/512 bytes at offset 0 > diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/040 b/tests/qemu-iotests/040 > index 5c18e413ec9..b25c76183a1 100755 > --- a/tests/qemu-iotests/040 > +++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/040 > @@ -951,6 +951,129 @@ class TestCommitWithOverriddenBacking(iotests.QMPTestCase): > self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device='commit') > self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED') > > +QCOW2_INCOMPAT_FEATURES_OFFSET = 72 > +QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY = 1 << 0 > + > +image_size = 4 * 1024 * 1024 > +dirty_base = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'dirty-base.img') > +mid = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'dirty-mid.img') > +top = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'dirty-top.img') > + > + > +class TestCommitDirtyBase(iotests.QMPTestCase): > + def setUp(self) -> None: > + if iotests.imgfmt != 'qcow2': > + self.case_skip('the dirty bit is a qcow2 feature') > + iotests.qemu_img_create('-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-o', > + 'compat=1.1,lazy_refcounts=on', dirty_base, > + str(image_size)) > + # Killing the process leaves the refcounts of the written cluster stale > + iotests.qemu_io_popen('-t', 'writethrough', > + '-c', 'write -P 0x5a 0 512', > + '-c', 'sigraise 9', dirty_base).communicate() > + iotests.qemu_img_create('-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-b', dirty_base, > + '-F', iotests.imgfmt, mid) > + iotests.qemu_img_create('-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-b', mid, > + '-F', iotests.imgfmt, top) > + # The commit has to allocate for this, which is where the stale > + # refcounts hand out the cluster holding the data written above > + qemu_io('-c', 'write -P 0xb1 1M 512', mid) > + > + self.vm = iotests.VM() > + self.vm.launch() > + self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='file', filename=dirty_base, > + node_name='base-file') > + > + self.assertTrue(self.is_dirty()) > + > + def tearDown(self) -> None: > + if self.vm.is_running(): > + self.vm.shutdown() > + for image in (dirty_base, mid, top): > + os.remove(image) > + > + def add_chain(self, base_file: str) -> None: > + self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver=iotests.imgfmt, file=base_file, > + node_name='base', read_only=True) > + self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='file', filename=mid, > + node_name='mid-file') > + self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver=iotests.imgfmt, file='mid-file', > + node_name='mid', backing='base') > + self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='file', filename=top, > + node_name='top-file') > + self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver=iotests.imgfmt, file='top-file', > + node_name='top', backing='mid') > + > + def check_base(self) -> None: > + result = iotests.qemu_img_check(dirty_base) > + self.assertEqual(result['check-errors'], 0) > + self.assertEqual(result.get('corruptions', 0), 0) > + # Without the repair the commit would have aliased this cluster > + qemu_io('-c', 'read -P 0x5a 0 512', '-c', 'read -P 0xb1 1M 512', > + dirty_base) > + > + def is_dirty(self) -> bool: > + with open(dirty_base, 'rb') as img: > + img.seek(QCOW2_INCOMPAT_FEATURES_OFFSET) > + features = struct.unpack('>Q', img.read(8))[0] > + return bool(features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY) > + > + def test_commit_repairs_base(self) -> None: > + self.add_chain('base-file') > + > + self.vm.cmd('block-commit', job_id='job0', device='top', > + top_node='mid', base_node='base') > + self.wait_until_completed(drive='job0') > + > + self.vm.shutdown() > + self.assertFalse(self.is_dirty()) > + self.check_base() > + > + def test_active_commit_repairs_base(self) -> None: > + self.add_chain('base-file') > + > + # Without top-node the whole chain commits, through > + # commit_active_start() rather than commit_start() > + self.vm.cmd('block-commit', job_id='job0', device='top', > + base_node='base') > + self.complete_and_wait(drive='job0') > + > + self.vm.shutdown() > + self.assertFalse(self.is_dirty()) > + self.check_base() > + > + def test_failed_repair_fails_the_commit(self) -> None: > + self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='blkdebug', image='base-file', > + node_name='base-blkdebug', > + inject_error=[{'event': 'none', 'iotype': 'write', > + 'errno': 5}]) > + self.add_chain('base-blkdebug') > + > + result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', job_id='job0', device='top', > + top_node='mid', base_node='base') > + self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError') > + self.assertIn("Could not repair dirty image 'base'", > + result['error']['desc']) > + > + # The base is left in the graph, and nothing can be queried while > + # it is there > + result = self.vm.qmp('query-named-block-nodes', flat=True) > + self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', 'Block device base is ejected') > + > + # It only goes away once nothing refers to it > + result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='base') > + self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', > + "Node 'base' is busy: node is used as backing hd of " > + "'mid'") > + > + # Marking the image corrupt needs a write of its own, which fails too > + self.assertTrue(self.is_dirty()) > + > + # Nothing can use the base any more, and that is what is reported > + result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', job_id='job1', device='top', > + top_node='mid', base_node='base') > + self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', 'Device has no medium') > + > if __name__ == '__main__': > iotests.main(supported_fmts=['qcow2', 'qed'], > supported_protocols=['file']) > diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/040.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/040.out > index 1bb1dc5f0ea..f3cbf73a01d 100644 > --- a/tests/qemu-iotests/040.out > +++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/040.out > @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ > -................................................................. > +.................................................................... > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > -Ran 65 tests > +Ran 68 tests > > OK